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Wednesday, 11 July 2012
Interview Questions for IMS
nitin
|
INTERVIEW
QUESTIONS
|
FOR IMS STUDENTS
|
INDIACAN
|
8/7/2012
|
Computer Basic,MS Office And Internet
1.
What are the different inputs and outputs
devices in a system?
INPUT
DEVICE OUTPUT DEVICE
MOUSE MONITER
KEYBOARD SPEAKER
CAMERA PRINTER
SCANNER
2.
What are different functions of a computer?
there are
four basic functions of a Computer.
1. INPUT- you input data i.e. you provide data; set of instuctions. You input data through input devices which are keyboard, mouse, scanner,etc
2. PROCESSING- the computer processes it i.e. it manipulates the data which is done by the C.P.U
3. OUTPUT- After processing the data the computer displays the result , it gives an output. Output devices are the monitor, in the case of visual output. speakers, in the case of audio output, printers, etc
4. STORAGE- You can save your data for future use in the CPU itself which is stored in the computer's ROM. There are several other storage devices also like removeable disks , CDs, etc
3.
What are functions key
on keyboard?
Commonly known as "function ", F1 through F12 may have a variety of
different uses or no use at all. Depending on the installed operating system
and the software program currently open will change how each of these keys
operate.
4.
What is numeric keypad in keyboard?
It is a
group of keys located on the right side of the keyboard. It looks like a calculator,
because it has both number and symbols for mathematical equations. It also has its own plus sign,
minus sign, Enter key, Delete key, and Num lock key
5.
What is Internet?
The internet in simple terms is a network of the
interlinked computer networking worldwide, which is accessible to the general
public. These interconnected computers work by transmitting data through a
special type of packet switching which is known as the IP or the internet
protocol.
6.
What are the different applications of Internet?
Internet has many uses:
for information, communication, entertainment, news, shopping, for online banks, e-commerce etc...
for information, communication, entertainment, news, shopping, for online banks, e-commerce etc...
7.
What are the different web browsers available?
Various web browsers are avilable Internet Explorer,
Mozilla Firefox, Google chrome, Opera, Apple, and Safari.
8.
Which version of IE is available with Win 7 by
default
INTERNET
EXPLORER 8
9.
Why we need to configure mail client (outlook)
on our system?
With most web hosting
packages you will receive a certain number of email accounts or boxes. Even if
you do not have a site yet, you can still secure a domain name and use the
domain name for your email by having an email only account with the host
company. Domain-based email addresses for you and your employees provide a
professionalism that is not present with free email accounts such as Yahoo or
AOL. Once you've chosen your email addresses and set them up with your domain's
hosting company, you will need to add them to an email program such as
Microsoft Outlook in order to check and organize your email
10.
Which mail client is available by default with
Windows?
Windows
live mail
11.
What are the different mail clients:
Outlook
express, Windows mail, MS outlook, Mozilla mail, Evolution mail
12.
What are the requirements to configure outlook
express/MS outlook?
Incoming and outgoing server’s IP address.
POP and SMTP port no
Mail ID
13.
How to backup outlook MS outlook
In
the file menu, use import and export option.
14.
Differences between MS office 2003 and MS office
2007?
Office 2007 has-Different file extension, Menu tab has
been replace by Ribbon, Different graphical interface, Object specific toolbar,
live preview etc.
15.
What are other office packages available in
market (non MS)?
16.
File extensions for MS word, excel and power
point?
Extension
for MS word- (.docx) , MS excel – (.xlsx) , Power point- (.pptx)
17.
What are the different page orientations in MS
Word?
Landscape
Portrait
18.
In MS Excel, Combination of rows and columns is
called…..
Cell
19.
Difference between Save and Save as
“Save as” is
used to save document in different format/different location.
20.
Can we
insert JPG picture in word document? If yes, then how?
YES…Using
insert Tab
21.
What is hyperlink?
Shortcut link
which enables you to navigate between different pages/applications
22.
Differences in CC and BCC in mailing recipient
list?
CC: carbon copy, All recipient are Transparent
BCC: blind carbon copy: Not transparent. Person in BCC
would be unable to track other recipient.
23.
What is macro (MS Word)?
In Microsoft Word and other programs, a macro is a saved
sequence of command s or keyboard
strokes that can be stored and then recalled with a single command or keyboard
stroke
24.
What is the use of Pivot Table?
Excel pivot tables are very useful and powerful feature of MS
Excel. They can be used to
summarize, analyze, explore and present your data.
In plain English, it means, you can take the sales data with
columns like salesman, region and product-wise revenues and use pivot tables to
quickly find out how products are performing in each region.
25.
What is VLookup and HLookup?
VLookup searches down the leftmost column of a table for a
match and returns
a value from a column to the right of the match on the same row.
HLookup searches left to right across a row of entries for a match and
returns a value from a row below the column the match was found in.
a value from a column to the right of the match on the same row.
HLookup searches left to right across a row of entries for a match and
returns a value from a row below the column the match was found in.
HW & OS
1.
Differences between Hardware, software and
firmware
a. Hardware: Hardware is the part of computing you can pick up, move around,
open, and close.
b. Software: Software provides the instructions that tell hardware
what to do.
c. Firmware: Software embedded into a hardware chip
2.
IDE & SATA devices
a. IDE: 40 pin
interface, slow speed, and parallel communication
b. SATA: 7 pin
interface, high speed and serial communication
3.
In RAM, what does DDR stands for?
DDR
Stands for double data rate
4.
Latest motherboard & RAM
RAM:
DDR3
5.
Differences between DDR-I and DDR-II
On the physical side, DDR has a
184-pin DIMM interface and DDR2 has 240.
DDR2
runs cooler and has generally slower timings but is a lot faster than DDR1 in
the end. DDR2 is capable of holding more ram on one DIMM
6.
Differences between DDR-II and DDR-III
a. DDR-II: 240
pins, operating voltage 1.8 volt, Max FSB=800Mhz
b. DDR-III: 240
pins, operating voltage 1.5 volt, Max FSB=2133Mhz
7.
What is FSB?
FSB is also known as the Processor Bus, Memory Bus,
or System Bus and connects the CPU with the main memory and is used to connect to other
components within the computer. The FSB can range from speeds of 66 MHz, 133 MHz, 100 MHz, 266 MHz, 400 MHz,
and up. The FSB is now another important consideration when looking at
purchasing a computer Motherboard or a new computer.
8.
What is chipset?
a.
A
number of integrated circuits designed to perform one or more related functions.
For example, one chipset may provide the basic functions of a modem while another provides the CPU functions for a computer. Newer chipsets generally
include functions provided by two or more older chipsets. In some cases, older
chipsets that required two or more physical chips can be replaced with a
chipset on one chip.
9.
Different manufactures of Processors,
Motherboard and Hard Disk
Processors: - AMD, Intel
Motherboard:- Asus , Gigabyte
HDD: - WD, Seagate, Hitachi, etc
10.
Something about display cards
a.
A graphics card, also known as a video card, is a
piece of hardware installed in a computer that is responsible for rendering the
image on the computer’s monitor or display screen.
11.
How to test power supply
Testing a power supply is an important step when troubleshooting many issues, most obviously when your computer is having trouble starting.
12.
Different voltages in SMPS?
SMPS COMES IN DIFFERENT WATTS AND NOT VOLATAGES.
VOLATAGE IS SAME.BUT WATTS ARE DEFFERENT LIKE 300, 350, 400, 500 ETC.
13.
What is BIOS? How to enter into CMOS
configuration setup?
A set of computer instructions in firmware that control input
and output operations
Press ‘delete’ key on startup to enter in bios.
14.
Difference between CMOS and BIOS?
The BIOS and CMOS are two different components on the
motherboard.
BIOS- The BIOS on the
motherboard contains the instructions on how the computer boots and is only
modified or updated with BIOS updates,
CMOS- The CMOS is
powered by a CMOS battery and contains your system settings and is modified and
changed by entering the CMOS Setup.
15.
What are the different types of printers?
a. Laser
b. Dot- Matrix
c.
Ink-Jet
or Bubble-Jet
d. Dye diffusion printers
16.
How to take test printout from Dot matrix
printer?
17.
What are the different types of Hard Disks?
IDE : Integrated Drive Electronics.
IDE drives are also known as PATA drives (Parallel advance technology
attachment)
SATA : Serial advance technology attachment
SATA : Serial advance technology attachment
SCSI : Small Computer System
Interface. SCSI is pronounced as scuzzy.
SAS : Serial Attached SCSI
18.
Differences between PCI and PCI express
PCI- is a standard for connecting a lot of devices inside
your computer to extend its capabilities. Devices like sound cards, modems,
NIC, TV Tuners, and some video cards have at some point or another have used
the PCI port.
19.
About SCSI devices (HDD)
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a set of
standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and
peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, and
electrical and optical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard disks
and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, including
scanners and CD drives
20.
Different ports of notebook?
Different
ports in laptop are Display Port, eSATA, Ethernet (RJ-45), Express Card,
FireWire
(IEEE 1394)
21.
What are the differences between a Desktop &
Laptop
a. Desktop: large
size, No mobility features, No built-in input output devices, No built-in power
backup, low cost
b. Laptop/notebook:
Compact in size, Mobility, Built-in input and output devices, power backup,
high cost.
22.
What are important features (Parameters) which
you need to take care, while purchasing a notebook?
a. Display/Screen
Size & technology
b. Power backup
c. Built-in
devices-track-ball, WLAN and BT module, webcam.
d. OS support
e. Available IO
ports
f.
Cost
g. Weight
h. Option for
up-gradation
23.
What is OS?
a. OS act as
interface between User (or application) and hardware components.
24.
What are the functions of OS?
a. Input- output
management
b. Memory control
c. File-system management
d. Process
management
25.
How to show hidden files?
a. In windows
explorer, Go to Tools-----folder options---View---Show hidden files and
folders.
26.
What is a device driver?
a. Driver is a
piece of software designed in low level language and provided by hardware
vendor used to operate a particular hardware device/component.
b. Different
driver set might be required for different operating systems.
27.
What is windows explorer?
Windows Explorer is a file manager application that is
included with releases of the Microsoft Windows operating system from Windows
95 onwards. It provides a graphical user interface for accessing the file
systems
28.
What are the different editions of Win XP and W7
Windows 7
Starter, home Basic, home premium, professtional, enterprise, ultimate
29.
What is a service pack?
a. Collection of
updates, bugs and fixes provided by MS, freely downloadable.
30.
What is difference between FAT32 and NTFS?
a. NTFS has
additional features like Large disk support, large volume size, EFS
(encryption), Disk quota and NTFS permissions which Fat doesn’t have.
31.
What are the 5 differences between windows XP
and Win 7?
1) No
e-mail Client, 2) Aero Desktop, 3) Documents and Settings, 4) Start Menu, 5) Ribbon,
32.
In Windows XP, you have an error
message-"NTLDR is missing". How to rectify this error?
If
you get the "NTLDR is Missing" error, follow these instructions:
1. Load Windows XP CD into CD drive.
2. Make sure BIOS is set to boot to CD drive.
3. Boot the computer from CD.
4. At menu, press "R" to load
Recovery Console.
5. Select the installation to be fixed.
*The following instructions assume CD-ROM
is labeled as drive D and the hard drive partition the windows installation is on is
labeled as drive C. Replace the letters accordingly.
6.
Type "COPY D:\i386\ntldr C:\" and press ENTER.
7.
Type "COPY D:\i386\ntdetect.com C:\" and press ENTER.
8.
Remove CD and type "EXIT" and press ENTER (to reboot your computer).
33.
Why we repair windows?
34.
What are the different methods to repair
windows?
35.
Backup, Importance of backup & backup media
36.
What is virtual memory? How to change it?
37.
After installing Windows, No any icons or
taskbar appears on screen, What can be the reason?
a. Ans.: Explorer
is not started
38.
What is task manager? Various functions of task
manager?
What is task manager: Task Manager shows you the programs,
processes, and services that are currently running on your computer. You can
use Task Manager to monitor your computer’s performance or to close a program
that is not responding.
Various functions of task
manager:
Windows Task Manager is a standard utility of the
OS’s Microsoft
Windows NT/2000/XP/2003/Vista/W7. It allows you monitoring in real-time running applications and
started processes, evaluate CPU and network usage.
-In
order to open the Task
Manager on the keyboard press
simultaneously the buttons CTRL+ALT+DEL or CTRL+SHIFT+ESC.
The
open window displays four tabs which correspond to four activities monitored by
the Task
Manager: Applications, Processes, Performance (usage of system recourses) and Networking.
Processes is the default opening tab.
(Basic Networking)
1.
What are different Networking components?
a. Systems (Client,
Server), Node, Connecting device, Media etc.
2.
What is networking?
a. Process of
connecting two or more systems so that they can share resources and information
(data)
3.
What is need/requirement of Networking?
a. To share
resources-Printer, CD/DVD disk drives
b. To share
information-Data
4.
What is a printer? How to share it?
a. Printer is a
device used to tale hard copy of documents from its soft copy.
b. How to
share-devices and printers---add printer----Network printer or
c. Run--\\<printer
IP> enter and then double click on
printer.
5.
What are the networking models?
There are three models in networking.
Centralized computing
Peer-to-peer networks
Client-server
networks
6.
Workgroup vs Domain Networking.
in
a workgroup:
All computers are peers; no computer has control over another computer.
Each
computer has a set of user accounts. To use any computer in the workgroup, you
must have an account on that computer.
There
are typically no more than ten to twenty computers.
All
computers must be on the same local network or subnet.
In
adomain group:
One or more computers are servers. Network administrators use servers to
control the security and permissions for all computers on the domain. This
makes it easy to make changes because the changes are automatically made to all
computers.
If
you have a user account on the domain, you can log on to any computer on the
domain without needing an account on that computer.
There
can be hundreds or thousands of computers.
The
computers can be on different local networks.
7.
What are networking devices i.e. Hub, Switch,
Router, Repeater, Bridge, L3 switch?
8.
Difference between hub and switch, switch and
bridge, layer 3 Switch and router.
9.
What is Media type, wired and wireless difference?
Wired and wireless difference: A
wired connection obviously requires a cable with the proper connector. A
wireless connection uses frequency transmission as its media (no cable).
To the user, it doesn't make any difference; they see the same connections to the network.
What is Media type:
To the user, it doesn't make any difference; they see the same connections to the network.
What is Media type:
10.
What is wireless media, frequency, range,
standard?
11.
What is UTP cables and categories, connector?
UTP, or Unshielded Twisted
Pair, is a type of cable used in telecommunications and computer networks
12.
What is difference between RJ 11 and RJ 45?
The main difference between these two is in where they are
actually used. RJ45 jacks are used in networking, where you connect computers
or other network elements to each other. RJ11 is the cable connector that is
being used in telephone sets.
13.
Types of cables crimping- straight, cross and
roll over cables?
14.
What is co-axial and connector?
15.
What are the factors affecting in choosing cable
types?
16.
What is a protocol? Types?
“Set of Rules” To Setup Error Free
Communication
Sets of rule, means how to transfer data from
one location to other. Ethernet
Local Talk
Token Ring
FDDI
ATM
Protocol
are rules & regulations established for communication
Or
standards established for communication, protocol defines “How system
communicate”
Protocol
suite- is a group/ collection of different protocols
17.
What is Topology?
Map
of network layout
18.
What is IOS OSI Model?
a.
OSI
model is reference model for network communication
19.
Device and layers in OSI model
Sr.No
|
LAYER
|
DEVICE
|
1
|
Application
|
|
2
|
Presentation
|
|
3
|
Session
|
|
4
|
Transport
|
|
5
|
Network
|
Router, Switch, Hub
|
6
|
Data link
|
Switch, Bridge, Access point, NIC
|
7
|
Physical
|
Hub, NIC, Repeater
|
20.
What are difference between MAC and IP address?
a. MAC- 48 bit,
represented by 12 hexa character,Physical address, Cant modify, Integrated with
Hw
b. IP: 32 bit
binary address, unique in network, Used to identify a system in network, Configurable
21.
MAC-Address
a.
A Media Access Control address (MAC address) is
a unique identifier assigned to network interfaces for communications on the physical network segment. MAC
addresses are used for numerous network technologies and most IEEE 802 network technologies,
including Ethernet. Logically, MAC addresses are used in the Media
Access Control protocol sub-layer of the OSI reference
model
22.
IP address/class full & classless
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses are unique numeric
identifiers that are needed by every device that connects to the Internet.
23.
Unicast,
multicast & broadcast
UNICAST: the messages goes to a single computer.
BROADCAST: the message goes to all the computers in a
network.
MULTICAST: the message goes to a group of computers
(basically, those that have registered themselves to
participate in the multicast group).
24.
What is connection oriented and connection less
communication?
In CONNECTIONLESS communication there is no need to establish connection
between source (sender) and destination (receiver). But in connection-oriented
communication connection must established before data transfer.
Connection-oriented communication is more reliable then
connectionless communication.
In CONNECTION-ORIENTED communication information can be resend if
there is an error in receiver side ( missing data, corrupt data etc. ).But in
connectionless communication it is not possible because the destination does
not inform the source about data is received or not.
25.
How we can differentiate LAN and WAN?
A LAN is a Local Area Network. Local is generally referred to a
network contained within a building or an office or a campus.
A WAN is connecting two or more computers over a broad area to
form a cable network between them.
26.
What are LAN technologies?
27.
What are WAN technologies?
28.
What are signaling techniques-baseband and
broadband?
BASEBAND transmissions typically use digital signaling over a single
wire; the transmissions themselves take the form of either electrical pulses or
light.
BROADBAND uses analog signals in the form of optical or
electromagnetic waves over multiple transmission frequencies.
29.
What is CSMA/CD?
Short
for Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection, a set of rules determining how network devices respond when two devices attempt
to use a data channel simultaneously (called a collision).
Standard Ethernet networks use CSMA/CD to
physically monitor the traffic on the line at participating stations.
30.
What is CSMA/CA?
Short
for Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance,
a network
contention protocol that listens to a network in
order to avoid collisions, unlike CSMA/CD that deals with network
transmissions once collisions have been detected. CSMA/CA contributes to
network traffic because, before any real data is transmitted, it has to
broadcast a signal onto the network in order to listen for collision scenarios
and to tell other devices not to broadcast.
(CISCO)
1.
What is internet, intranet, extranet?
INTRANET is shared content accessed
by members within a single organization.
EXTRANET is shared content accessed
by groups through cross-enterprise boundaries.
INTERNET is global communication
accessed through the Web.
2.
What is TCP/IP Model?
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is
the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet.
TCP/IP model is an implementation of OSI reference model. IT
has four Layers. They are: Physical layer, Network layer, Transport layer and
Application layer
3.
What is Encapsulation?
Encapsulation is one of the fundamental
principles of object-oriented programming.
Encapsulation is a process of hiding all the
internal details of an object from the outside world
Encapsulation is the ability to hide its data
and methods from outside the world and only expose data and methods that are
required.
4.
What are ARP and RARP?
ARP stands for address resolve
protocol its resolve MAC address with ip address
RARP stands for Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol,
When
a new machine set up, its RARP client (diskless client) program requests from
The
RARP server on the route to be sent its up address.
1.
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
-Resolve
MAC Address With IP Address
-Layer
2 Data link layer
2.
RARP: Reverse Address Resolution protocol
When
A new Machine Is Set up RARP Client Diskless Client Program Requests From The
RARP Server On The Router To Be Sent It’s IP Address.
5.
What is Cisco layer model?
6.
Router ports & their description.
7.
What is Router booting sequence?
CISCO ROUTER
BOOT SEQUENCE CONSISTS OF THE FOLLOWING STEPS:
1. The router performs a POST.
The POST tests the hardware to verify that all components of the device are operational and present. For example,
the POST checks for the different
interfaces on the router. The POST is stored in and run from ROM (read-only
memory).
2. The bootstrap looks for and
loads the Cisco IOS software. The bootstrap is a program in ROM that is used to
execute programs. The bootstrap program is responsible for finding where each IOS program
is located and then loading the file. By default, the IOS software is loaded
from flash memory in all Cisco routers. Other possible locations of the IOS
image are a TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) server, or the Mini-IOS (the
mini IOS is a stripped-down version of
IOS in ROM).
3. The IOS software looks for a
valid configuration file stored in NVRAM. This file is called startup-config.
4. If a startup-config file is
in NVRAM, the router will load and run this file. If a valid startup-config
file is not in NVRAM, IOS will display System Configuration setup.
5. Once the startup-config
configuration is loaded, IOS will present CLI interface in User mode.
8.
What is config register & its default value?
The configuration register can
be used to change router behavior in several ways, such as:
·
how the
router boots (into ROMmon, NetBoot)
·
options
while booting (ignore configuration, disable boot messages)
·
console
speed (baud rate for a terminal emulation session)
Note: If the baud rate is set different than the
default rate, odd characters are seen on CLI. Check table1 to set
baud rates for different Confreg values.The configuration register can be set from configuration mode using the config-register command. From ROMmon, use the confreg command. Issue the show version command to view the current setting of the configuration register:
9.
What is IP address. Public IP vs Private IP
Private
add- is a network address which have restricted access closed (eg. noida server
, indiacan)
Public
add- is any address which can be connected through internet by any one open (eg,google,
yahoo etc)
10.
TCP vs UDP
TCP-Transmission Control Protocol
Its
create a session between protocol, it’s a layer 4 Protocol, connection oriented
protocol
(reliable
communication) flow control sequencing error correction.
UDP-User Datagram Protocol
Layer
4 protocol, connectionless/No sequencing/unreliable, No acknowledgement of
data,
Very
“lightweight Protocol”(Header is very small)
11.
What is subnetting & its use?
Subnetting
is a process by which bits from ‘node’ portion of ip address are used to create
Small
subnet work.
12.
What is VLSM?
Variable
Length Subnet Masking - VLSM - is a
technique that allows network administrators to divide an IP address space into
subnets of different sizes, unlike simple same-size Subnetting.
13.
IOS version in routers?
14.
How to install & backup router IOS
The following steps have to be done:
o
Connect Admin-Workstation with a serial cable to the
firewall for the configuration
o
Install TFTP-Server and Terminal emulation Software on
Admin-Workstation
o
Save current CISCO IOS from Router to the
Admin-Workstation
o
Download CISCO Firewall IOS to the Router using TFTP
o
Save current Configuration file from Router to the
Admin-Workstation using TFTP
o
Create Configuration file and download it to the Router
using TFTP
o backup router IOS
o
Backup Cisco IOS to TFTP server and you can restore it
later when your IOS damage.
o
Requirement:
- PC with TFTP Server (IP Address 192.168.1.1)
- Network connection to Cisco Router
- PC with TFTP Server (IP Address 192.168.1.1)
- Network connection to Cisco Router
o
Router>
Router>enable
Password:
Router#copy flash tftp
Source filename []? d2600.bin
Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.1
Destination filename [d2600.bin]? backup_d2600.bin
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3289170 bytes copied in 47.668 secs (69982 bytes/sec)
Router#
Router>enable
Password:
Router#copy flash tftp
Source filename []? d2600.bin
Address or name of remote host []? 192.168.1.1
Destination filename [d2600.bin]? backup_d2600.bin
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
3289170 bytes copied in 47.668 secs (69982 bytes/sec)
Router#
o
Finish
15.
How to check router's hardware information.
16.
What is telnet?
Telnet
is a protocol that allows you to connect to remote computer (called host)
Or
(remote host)
17.
What is BRI and PRI?
Basic rate interface (BRI) and primary rate interface (PRI)
are both integrated services digital network (ISDN) services. They each use the
B and D channels of data communication however, there are some differences
between them.
18.
What is routing?
What is static and dynamic routing?
In internetworking, the process of moving a packet of data from source todestination.
Routing is usually performed by a dedicated device called a router.
Routing is a key feature of the Internet because it enables messages to
pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine.
·
Manually set up a route in a dormant manner.
·
Stable.
·
Has no impact made by traffic and transmission failures.
·
Creates no traffic derived from routing protocols.
·
Automatically
sets up a route.
·
Can
respond to the changes of the network.
·
Can
automatically select the optimized route.
·
Can
automatically select the backup route.
19.
Types of routing protocol?
Routing protocols are two types
1. Interior routing protocols
2. Exterior routing protocols
Interior routing protocols is -
1. rip
2. Ospf
3. Igrp
4. Eigrp
5. is-is
Exterior routing protocol is
1.
Exterior gateway protocols
2. border
gateway protocols
20.
What is hop count?
Hop
count is usually used by the rip protocol. It denotes the number of routers
through which the data is transfferes from host to destination.
21.
What is AD value?
AD defines the Trust worthyness of a routing protocol.
for ex. for static route it is 1
for RIP it is 120
for ospf it is 110
for eigrp
it is 90
so for ex. if both static route and RIP is used by a
router
than it will trust on static route because it AD is 1
22.
What is convergence time?
A.) The update time
B.) The time it takes to reload a router
C.) The time it takes for a packet to reach its
destination
D.) The time is takes for all routers update their tables
after a change takes place
23.
What is difference between RIP1 and RIP2 &
explain timer?
There
are only three main Differences between Rip1 and Rip2
RIP
version 1:
In
Rip Version 1 use Broadcast and it is Class Full Routing protocol. No
Authentication Required in Rip Version 1
RIP
version 2:
In
Rip version 2 use Multicast ( 244.0.0.9) and it is class less routing protocol.
Authentication Required in Rip Version 2
24.
What are problems of RIP?
25.
What is difference between RIP and EIGRP?
RIP
ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL
supports 15 hopcouts 16 is unreachable
classfull protocol
full routing table exchanged
hello timers every 30 seconds
EIGRP
ENHANCE INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL
supports 255 hops
classless protocol
missing routes are exchanged
hello timer every 5 seconds
supports multi routed protocals like (IP, IPX AND APPLE TALK)
ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL
supports 15 hopcouts 16 is unreachable
classfull protocol
full routing table exchanged
hello timers every 30 seconds
EIGRP
ENHANCE INTERIOR GATEWAY ROUTING PROTOCOL
supports 255 hops
classless protocol
missing routes are exchanged
hello timer every 5 seconds
supports multi routed protocals like (IP, IPX AND APPLE TALK)
26.
What is AS number?
Within the Internet, an Autonomous System (AS) is a
collection of connected Internet Protocol (IP) routing prefixes
under the control of one or more network operators that presents a common,
clearly defined routing policy to the Internet.
27.
What is EIGRP? What routing protocols are Cisco
Proprietary?
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol -
(EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol loosely based on their original IGRP. EIGRP is an advanced distance-vector
routing protocol, with optimizations to minimize both the routing instability
incurred after topology changes, as well as the use of bandwidth and processing
power in the router. Routers that support EIGRP will automatically redistribute
route information to IGRP neighbors by converting the 32 bit EIGRP metric to
the 24 bit IGRP metric.
28.
Algorithms of all routing protocols?
Many properties separate routing protocols from each other.
Characteristics such as the speed with which they operate, the way they conduct
updates, and the information they gather to perform their job make routing
protocols unique. However, one feature that routing protocols share with one
another is their routing algorithm. While many different routing protocols are
available for you to use on your network, they all utilize one of only two
different algorithms.
29.
What is OSPF?
Short for Open Shortest Path First, an interior gateway
routing protocol developed for IP networks based on the shortest path first or
link-state algorithm.
30.
How many Types of Switch?
1. Normal Switch
2. Manageable Switch
2. Manageable Switch
31.
What are functions of a Switch?
In a telecommunications network, a switch is a device that
channels incoming data from any of multiple input ports to the specific output
port that will take the data toward its intended destination.
32.
What is VLAN?
VLAN refers to Virtual Local Area Network is a virtual LAN
that extends its functionalities beyond a single LAN. Through VLAN a
network is divided into different logical segments known as broadcast domains.
The computers in the VLAN acts as they are connected with the same LAN segment
even they are located on the different network segments. In the VLAN, computers
can move from one location to another and they can still be the part of the
same VLAN.
33.
What is DLCI?
Short for data link connection identifier. A number of a
private or switched virtual circuit in a Frame Relay network that tells the
Frame Relay how to route the data. The DLCI field identifies which logical
circuit the data travels over.
34.
What is catalyst switch?
Catalyst is the brand
name for a variety of network Switches sold by Cisco Systems. While
commonly associated with Ethernet switches, a
number of different interfaces have been available throughout the history of
the brand.
(SERVER)
1.
What are booting files & boot sequence of
window?
2.
What are differences between 2003 and 2008
server?
3.
What is active directory and its data base?
4.
Use of SYSVOL folder?
All active directory data base security related information
store in SYSVOL folder and its only created on NTFS partition.
The Sysvol folder on a Windows domain controller is used to replicate file-based data among domain controllers. Because junctions are used within the Sysvol folder structure, Windows NT file system (NTFS) version 5.0 is required on domain controllers throughout a Windows distributed file system (DFS) forest.
The Sysvol folder on a Windows domain controller is used to replicate file-based data among domain controllers. Because junctions are used within the Sysvol folder structure, Windows NT file system (NTFS) version 5.0 is required on domain controllers throughout a Windows distributed file system (DFS) forest.
5.
What is work group and domain networking?
IN A WORKGROUP:
All computers are
peers; no computer has control over another computer.
Each computer has a set
of user accounts. To use any computer in the workgroup, you must have an
account on that computer.
There are typically no
more than ten to twenty computers.
All computers must be
on the same local network or subnet.
IN A DOMAIN:
One or more computers
are servers. Network administrators use servers to control the security and
permissions for all computers on the domain. This makes it easy to make changes
because the changes are automatically made to all computers.
If you have a user
account on the domain, you can log on to any computer on the domain without
needing an account on that computer.
There can be hundreds or
thousands of computers.
The computers can be on
different local networks.
6.
Backup and types of Backup?
Backup is a utility that
you can use to back up and restore user data.
Copy
backup
Daily
backup
Differential
backup
Incremental
backup
Normal
backup
7.
System state backup.
The
Windows system state backup is in effect a backup of the complete system.
Everything that is present within the system will be copied as backup so that
no data or information is lost whenever there is a system crash or corruption
of the driver files, if certain system files stop the system from functioning
properly. To perform a forensic analysis of evidence on a Windows system,
backing up a system's registry is insufficient. An extensive backup of data is
essential so that the system can be secured against any malfunctions.
8.
How to take active dir backup?
9.
What is basic disk and dynamic disk?
Basic Disk Storage
Basic storage uses normal
partition tables supported by MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows 95, Microsoft Windows
98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition (Me), Microsoft Windows NT, Microsoft
Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP. A disk initialized for basic
storage is called a basic disk. A basic disk contains basic volumes, such as
primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives. Additionally,
basic volumes include multidisk volumes that are created by using Windows NT
4.0 or earlier, such as volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, and stripe sets
with parity. Windows XP does not support these multidisk basic volumes. Any
volume sets, stripe sets, mirror sets, or stripe sets with parity must be
backed up and deleted or converted to dynamic disks before you install Windows
XP Professional.
Dynamic Disk Storage
Dynamic storage
is supported in Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003. A disk initialized
for dynamic storage is called a dynamic disk. A dynamic disk contains dynamic volumes, such
as simple volumes, spanned volumes, striped volumes, mirrored volumes, and RAID-5
volumes. With dynamic storage, you can perform
disk and volume management
without the need to restart Windows.
Note: Dynamic disks are not supported on portable computers or on
Windows XP Home Edition-based computers.
10.
Disk mirroring, RAID-5, RAID10
RAID-5
§ Minimum 3 disks.
§ Good performance ( as blocks are striped ).
§ Good redundancy ( distributed parity ).
§ Best cost effective option providing both performance and
redundancy. Use this for DB that is heavily read oriented. Write operations
will be slow.
RAID10
§ Minimum 4 disks.
§ This is also called as “stripe of mirrors”
§ Excellent redundancy ( as blocks are mirrored )
§ Excellent performance ( as blocks are striped )
§ If you can afford the dollar, this is the BEST option for any
mission critical applications (especially databases).
11.
What is user profile.
a.
Local
b.
Roaming
c.
Mandatory
12.
What is DNS .
a.
NetBIOS, DNS zones
b.
DNS queries
c.
DNS records
d.
DNS zones
13.
What is DHCP?
a.
DORA
b.
APIPA
c.
Lease
d.
Scope
e.
Super scope
f.
Renewal Process
14.
What is RIS (remote installation service) &
its requirement?
Short for Remote Installation Service,
a feature of Microsoft's Windows 2000 Server. RIS allows a network administrator to install
the Windows 2000operating system to any number of client computers simultaneously
from a central location.
15.
What is VPN?
Virtual
private network is a network that uses a public telecommunication
infrastructure &
Their
technology such as the internet
16.
What is sharing permission & NTFS
permissions?
Access
to a folder on a file server can be determined through two sets of permission
entries: the share permissions set on a folder and the NTFS permissions set on
the folder (which can also be set on files). Share permissions are often used
for managing computers with FAT32 file systems, or other computers that do not
use the NTFS file system.
Share
permissions and NTFS permissions are independent in the sense that neither
changes the other. The final access permissions on a shared folder are
determined by taking into consideration both the Share permission and the NTFS
permission entries. The more restrictive permissions are then applied.
17.
How to configure outlook express/MS outlook?
18.
How to backup outlook express/MS outlook
(Linux)
1.
What is difference between Linux and Window?
All flavors
of Windows come from Microsoft. Linux come from different companies like
LIndows , Lycoris, Red Hat, SuSe, Mandrake, Knopping, Slackware.
Windows must
boot from a primary partition. Linux can boot from either a primary partition
or a logical partition inside an extended partition. Windows must boot from the
first hard disk. Linux can boot from any hard disk in the computer.
Linux is
freely available for desktop or home use but Windows is expensive. For server
use, Linux is cheap compared to Windows. Microsoft allows a single copy of
Windows to be used on one computer. You can run Linux on any number of
computers.
2.
Redhat vs Fedora
Both the Fedora and Red are open source technologies.
Fedora is built by the community (fedoraproject.org) for the benefit of the
community. Red Hat Enterprise Linux is developed by Red Hat with the explicit
intent of being used as an enterprise IT platform.
3.
What is a shell and its type?
A shell is an environment in which we can run our
commands, programs, and shell scripts. There are different flavors of shells,
just as there are different flavors of operating systems. Each flavor of shell
has its own set of recognized commands and functions.
There are 13 types of shell:
·
sh: the Bourne shell
·
ash: The Almquist shell
·
dash: Debian Almquist
shell
·
bash: Bash is a Unix
shell
·
fish: fish is a Unix
shell
·
ksh: The Korn shell
·
csh: The C shell
·
tcsh: tcsh (pronounced
“TC-Shell” or “T-shell”)
·
es: The es shell
·
rc: rc is the command
line interpreter for Version 10 Unix, Plan 9, and Inferno operating systems.
·
scsh:
·
sash: Stand-alone shell
·
zsh: The Z shell
The shell is a user program or it is an environment
provided for user interaction.
It is a command language interpreter that executes
commands read from the standard input device such as keyboard or from a file.
The shell gets started when you log in or open a
console (terminal).
Quick and dirty
way to execute utilities.
The shell is not part of system kernel, but uses the
system kernel to execute programs, create files etc.
Types
·
Bourne
Shell
·
C Shell
·
TC Shell
·
Korn Shell
·
Bourne-Again Shell
4.
Differences between ext2,ext3 and ext4?
Ext2:
· Ext2 stands for second extended file
system.
·
it was introduced in 1993. Developed by
Remy Card.
·
this was developed to overcome the limitation of the original ext file system.
·
Ext2 does not have journaling feature.
·
on flash drives, usb drives, ext2 is recommended, as it doesn't need to do the
over head of journaling.
·
Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 2 TB
·
Overall ext2 file system size can be from 2 TB to 32 TB
Ext3:
· Ext3 stands for third extended file system.
· it was introduced in 2001. Developed by Stephen Tweedie .
· starting from Linux Kernel 2.4.15 ext3 was available.
· the main benefit of ext3 is that it allows journaling.
· Journaling has a dedicated area in the file system, where
all the changes are tracked. When the system crashes, the possibility of file
system corruption is less because of journaling.
· Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 2 TB
· Overall ext3 file system size can be from 2 TB to 32 TB
· there are three types of journaling available in ext3 file
system.
Journal - Metadata and
content are saved in the journal.
Ordered - Only metadata is saved in the journal. Metadata are
journaled only after writing the content to disk. This is the default.
Write back - Only metadata is saved in the journal. Metadata
might be journaled either before or after the content is written to the disk.
You can convert a ext2
file system to ext3 file system directly (without backup/restore).
Ext4:
·
Ext4 stands for fourth extended file system.
· It was introduced in 2008.
·
Starting from Linux Kernel 2.6.19 ext4 was available.
·
Supports huge individual file size and overall file system size.
·
Maximum individual file size can be from 16 GB to 16 TB
·
Overall maximum ext4 file system size is 1 EB (exabyte). 1 EB = 1024 PB
(petabyte). 1 PB = 1024 TB (terabyte).
·
Directory can contain a maximum of 64,000 subdirectories (as opposed to 32,000
in ext3)
·
you can also mount an existing ext3 fs as ext4 fs (without having to upgrade
it).
·
several other new features are introduced in ext4: multiblock allocation,
delayed allocation, journal checksum. fast fsck, etc. All you need to know is
that these new features have improved the performance and reliability of the
filesystem when compared to ext3.
· In ext4, you also have the option of turning the
journaling feature "off".
5.
What are permissions and their types?
The basics of file ownership and permissions on Linux.
Learn to understand who are the owners of a file or directory, how the file permissions
work and how you can view them, and learn how to set basic file permissions
yourself.
Permission are used in Linux for files, directories and
programs. If you have ever used any Linux operating system like ubuntu,
knoppix, fedora, etc.
6.
What is kick start?
The Red Hat Kickstart installation method [1] is used
primarily (but not exclusively) by the Red Hat Enterprise Linux operating
system to automatically perform unattended operating system installation and
configuration. Red Hat publishes Cobbler as a tool to automate the Kickstart
configuration process.
7.
What is SELinux?
Security-Enhanced
Linux (SELinux)
is a Linux feature
that provides the mechanism for supporting access control security policies
SELinux is an access control implementation for the Linux
kernel.
As an administrator, you define rules in user space and
if the Linux kernel has been compiled with SELinux support, those rules will be
adhered to by the kernel.
8.
RPM vs YUM
1. RPM is a package manager while YUM is a frontend that
can be used with RPM.
2. The RPM package manager is unable to track
dependencies while YUM can.
9.
How to take backup? How to schedule backup?
10.
What are scheduler programs in linux?
The new Linux scheduler extends scheduling capabilities
by introducing scheduling classes and also simplifies debugging by improving
schedule statistics.
11.
What are mail servers in linux?
12.
What is PAM?
Pluggable Authentication Module
A method of separating the authentication code from each
application responsible for authenticating users.
13.
What is IPTables?
iptables is a user space application program that allows
a system administrator to configure the tables provided by the Linux kernel
firewall (implemented as different Netfilter modules) and the chains and rules
it stores.
14.
DNS package
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